Vitamins

Evidence: Preliminary

Thiamine (vitamin B1) helps the body turn carbohydrates into energy. Deficiency causes serious nerve and brain problems, but extra thiamine has only s...

Evidence: Moderate

Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble antioxidant. At 500 mg it is one of the components of the AREDS 2 formula for people with intermediate AMD, bu...

Evidence: Strong

Vitamin A is essential for vision in low light and for the health of the cornea. Deficiency causes night blindness, but deficiency is very rare in the...

Evidence: Limited

Vitamin B6 helps the body make serotonin, GABA and other brain messengers. There is little evidence that extra B6 improves sleep in people who are not...

Evidence: Preliminary

Riboflavin is a B vitamin needed for energy production and for activating vitamin B6. Evidence that it improves sleep is weak.

Evidence: Moderate

Niacin is a B vitamin needed for energy metabolism. Most people get enough from food; supplemental doses above 35 mg a day can cause flushing, and the...

Evidence: Moderate

Vitamin E is an essential antioxidant nutrient. Supplements have not been shown to prevent heart disease or cancer, and in the large SELECT trial high...

Evidence: Moderate

Vitamin D3 supports bone health, muscle function and immunity. It is useful when intake or sun exposure is low, but there is no reliable evidence that...

Evidence: Limited

Biotin is a B vitamin involved in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. On its own it has little evidence for blood sugar support, and high doses can disto...

Evidence: Moderate

Choline is an essential nutrient the liver needs to move fat out of liver cells. Deficiency can cause fatty liver, but there is little evidence that e...