Ingredient type

Essential Oils

Concentrated aromatic plant extracts. Some are used in capsules, but many are not safe to swallow without guidance.

Purple lavender rows being harvested by hand in Provence (AI-generated illustration) Lavender oil

Evidence: Preliminary

Lavender is a fragrant herb used in aromatherapy, oral capsules and skin products. Evidence for anxiety is preliminary, and its antifungal effects are...

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Lemongrass stalks being cut in a tropical field (AI-generated illustration) Lemongrass oil

Evidence: Preliminary

Lemongrass oil and its main compound, citral, show antifungal activity against dermatophytes and Candida in lab studies, but there are no human trials...

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Manuka shrubs with small white flowers on a New Zealand hillside, branches cut by hand (AI-generated illustration) Manuka oil

Evidence: Preliminary

Manuka oil is a New Zealand 'tea tree' essential oil. Lab studies show antifungal activity weaker than Australian tea tree oil, and its safety has not...

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A laboratory sample of clear needle-like menthol crystals beside fresh mint leaves (AI-generated illustration) Menthol

Evidence: Preliminary

Menthol is the cooling compound in mint oils. A small uncontrolled study of a menthol and camphor chest rub on toenail fungus showed some improvement,...

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Tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) plantation in Australia being harvested (AI-generated illustration) Tea tree oil

Evidence: Limited

Tea tree oil is an Australian essential oil with antifungal activity. One randomized trial found modest results for toenail fungus, similar to clotrim...

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A field of peppermint being harvested (AI-generated illustration) Peppermint

Evidence: Limited

Peppermint oil gives a cooling, fresh taste and is best studied for irritable bowel symptoms. Its oral-care evidence comes from essential oil mouthrin...

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